Classification of Therapeutic Issues

Following are the major categories in which therapeutic issues fall:

Importance of Addressing Therapeutic Issues

Addressing therapeutic issues is important for a number of reasons:

• First, it can help to improve the client’s mental health. When the client’s issues are addressed, they are less likely to experience symptoms such as anxiety, depression, or trauma-related distress.
• Second, addressing therapeutic issues can help the client improve their quality of life. When the client is able to manage their to issues, they are better able to function in their daily life. They are more likely to be able to maintain relationships, hold down a job, and enjoy their hobbies.
• Third, addressing therapeutic issues can help the client to prevent future problems. When the client learns how to cope with their issues, they are less likely to experience relapses. They are also better able to deal with new challenges that may arise in the future.

By addressing these issues, therapists can help their clients to improve their mental health, quality of life, and ability to cope with future challenges.

Anxiety and Stress-Related Disorders

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessive worry about various life situations and events. Individuals with GAD often experience physical symptoms, including muscle tension, fatigue, and restlessness.

1. Health Anxiety: Individuals with health anxiety experience constant worry and fear related to their health. They may obsessively focus on bodily sensations, interpreting them as signs of serious illnesses, even when there is no medical evidence to support their concerns.
2. Relationship Worries: This subtype involves excessive anxiety about interpersonal relationships, such as romantic partnerships, family connections, and friendships. Individuals may worry excessively about conflicts, rejection, or the possibility of losing their loved ones.
3. Financial Concerns: Financially-related GAD involves persistent worry about money, job security, and financial stability. Individuals may fear financial hardships, being unable to meet financial obligations, or experiencing unexpected financial crises.
4. Performance Anxiety: In this subtype, individuals worry excessively about their performance in various areas, such as work, academics, or sports. Fear of failure or not meeting self-imposed high standards may drive their anxiety.
5. Existential Anxiety: Individuals with existential anxiety may experience profound worry about the meaning and purpose of life, their existence, and the nature of the universe. They may struggle with questions about mortality and the human condition.

Panic Disorder

In the realm of therapeutic issues, panic Disorder is characterized by sudden, severe panic attacks, accompanied by physical symptoms such as heart palpitations, sweating, and shortness of breath.

There are several general types of panic disorder, each characterized by specific symptoms and triggers. These include:

1. Unexpected Panic Attacks: This type involves sudden and intense panic attacks that occur unexpectedly, without any apparent triggers. Individuals may experience a sense of impending doom, shortness of breath, chest pain, and palpitations.
2. Situational Panic Attacks: Situational panic attacks are triggered by specific situations or events, such as being in crowded places, confined spaces, or during public speaking. These situations can evoke intense fear and anxiety.
3. Nocturnal Panic Attacks: Nocturnal panic attacks occur during sleep, waking individuals with a sense of terror and fear. The cause of these attacks is often unclear, making them particularly distressing.
4. Expected Panic Attacks: Expected panic attacks are associated with phobias, where individuals experience panic symptoms in response to specific feared objects or situations. For example, someone with a fear of heights may experience panic when encountering heights. ^[3]

Social Anxiety Disorder

Social Anxiety Disorder is characterized by excessive fear or anxiety in social settings. Individuals with social anxiety often avoid social situations entirely.

1. Performance Anxiety: Individuals with performance anxiety experience intense fear and anxiety when performing in front of others, such as giving a presentation, public speaking, or playing a musical instrument. The fear of making mistakes or being negatively evaluated by others often drives this subtype.
2. Interpersonal Interaction Anxiety: This subtype involves fear and discomfort in one-on-one social interactions, such as engaging in conversations, meeting new people, or initiating or maintaining relationships. Individuals with this subtype may be overly self-conscious and worry about saying or doing something embarrassing or awkward.
3. Observation Anxiety: People with observation anxiety fear being the center of attention or being observed by others. This fear may manifest in situations such as eating in public, writing in front of others, or using public restrooms.

Therapeutic interventions for Social Anxiety Disorder include:

• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT targets negative thought patterns that contribute to social anxiety. This therapy also teaches social skills and coping strategies.
• Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT): MBCT helps individuals become more aware of their thoughts and feelings in social situations. This therapy also involves breathing techniques and relaxation exercises.
• Social Skills Training: This therapy involves practicing social behaviors in a controlled setting to improve an individual’s confidence and decrease anxiety.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is characterized by intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses that lead to repetitive behaviors or mental acts. Following are the common types of OCD

• Contamination OCD: Individuals with contamination OCD have intrusive and distressing thoughts about being contaminated by germs, dirt, or harmful substances. They may engage in compulsive cleaning, washing, or avoidance behaviors to reduce anxiety.
• Checking OCD: Checking OCD involves repetitive and excessive checking behaviors to ensure that something harmful or disastrous has not occurred. This can include checking locks, appliances, or personal belongings.
• Hoarding OCD: Hoarding OCD is characterized by an overwhelming need to accumulate and retain items, regardless of their value. The excessive hoarding of possessions can lead to cluttered living spaces and significant distress.
• Symmetry and Ordering OCD: Individuals with symmetry and ordering OCD have an intense need for things to be arranged in a specific, precise way. They may spend excessive time arranging objects or aligning items symmetrically.
• Intrusive Thoughts OCD: Intrusive thoughts OCD involves distressing and unwanted thoughts or images that are disturbing and contrary to an individual’s values or beliefs. These thoughts can be violent, aggressive, or taboo in nature.
• Just Right OCD: Just Right OCD is characterized by an overwhelming need for things to feel “just right” or perfect. Individuals may engage in repetitive behaviors until they achieve a sense of inner completeness.
• Religious or Moral OCD: Individuals with religious or moral OCD experience distressing thoughts or doubts related to their faith or moral beliefs. They may engage in compulsions to seek reassurance or prevent perceived harm.
• Sexual Orientation OCD (HOCD, TOCD): Sexual Orientation OCD involves intrusive thoughts questioning one’s sexual orientation. Individuals may engage in mental rituals or avoid situations that trigger these thoughts.
• Harm OCD: Harm OCD is characterized by intrusive and distressing thoughts about causing harm to oneself or others. Individuals may perform mental or physical compulsions to prevent harm.
• Relationship OCD (ROCD): Individuals with Relationship OCD experience doubts and uncertainties about their romantic relationships. They may engage in compulsive behaviors to seek reassurance or avoid relationship-related triggers. ^[11]

It’s essential to recognize that OCD is a complex and diverse disorder, and individuals may experience a combination of these subtypes or have symptoms that do not neatly fit into one category. Professional diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial for individuals with OCD to manage their symptoms effectively.

Adjustment Disorders

Adjustment Disorders are characterized by emotional distress related to a significant life change, such as a loss or transition. Common types of adjustment disorders include:

• Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood: Individuals with this subtype experience symptoms of low mood, sadness, and hopelessness in response to a significant life stressor. The emotional distress exceeds what would be considered typical for the situation.
• Adjustment Disorder with Anxiety: This subtype is characterized by excessive worry, nervousness, and restlessness in reaction to a stressful event. The anxiety can be overwhelming and may impact daily functioning.
• Adjustment Disorder with Mixed Anxiety and Depressed Mood: In this type, individuals experience a combination of depressive symptoms and anxiety in response to a stressor. They may feel sad, tense, and agitated simultaneously.
• Adjustment Disorder with Disturbance of Conduct: Individuals with this subtype may engage in reckless or disruptive behaviors following a significant life stressor. These behaviors are not typical of their usual conduct.
• Adjustment Disorder with Mixed Disturbance of Emotions and Conduct: This subtype involves a combination of emotional and behavioral disturbances, including symptoms of both anxiety and conduct-related issues.
• Adjustment Disorder with Unspecified Symptoms: This subtype is used when an individual’s symptoms do not fit into any of the specific subtypes mentioned above. It may include various emotional and behavioral reactions to the stressor.

Adjustment Disorders occur in response to significant life changes or stressful events and can affect individuals of all ages. The symptoms typically develop within three months of the stressor’s onset and should not persist beyond six months after the stressor has ceased.

Adjustment Disorders can cause distress and impair daily functioning, but with appropriate support and coping strategies, individuals can often recover and adapt to the new circumstances. Seeking professional help can be beneficial in managing symptoms and facilitating a healthy adjustment process.

Therapeutic interventions for Anxiety Disorders:

• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): This therapy aims to help individuals recognize and change negative thought patterns that contribute to their anxiety. CBT also teaches coping skills, including relaxation techniques.^[1]
• Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT): ACT focuses on increasing psychological flexibility and teaching individuals to accept their thoughts and feelings as they are. This therapy also encourages individuals to take action towards their values and goals, even in the presence of anxiety.
• Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR): MBSR teaches individuals to be present and non-judgmental towards their thoughts and feelings. This therapy also includes mindfulness meditation and body awareness exercises. ^[2]
• Psychodynamic Therapy: This therapy aims to identify and address underlying emotional conflicts that contribute to the onset of panic attacks.
• Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP): ERP involves exposure to feared stimuli in a controlled manner to decrease the urge to perform repetitive behaviors.
• Supportive Therapy: Supportive therapy aims to offer empathy and validation for an individual’s feelings related to the life change.
• Problem-Solving Therapy: This therapy involves creating a plan to address the challenges related to life changes.
• Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT): SFBT focuses on the individual’s strengths and resources to manage life change and create positive outcomes. ^[4]

Mood Disorders: Understanding & Managing Emotional Imbalances

Depressive Disorders

Depressive Disorder, commonly referred to as depression, is a mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest or pleasure in activities. This therapeutic issue or disorder can have a significant impact on an individual’s daily functioning and quality of life.

Understanding the different types of depressive disorders and the therapeutic techniques used to address them is crucial in providing effective treatment and support.

Types of Depressive Disorder

1. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): This is the most common form of depressive disorder, characterized by prolonged periods of intense sadness, feelings of worthlessness, and a lack of interest or pleasure in activities. MDD often co-occurs with other mental health conditions and can significantly impair an individual’s functioning.

2. Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD), also known as Dysthymia: PDD is characterized by a chronic low mood, lasting for at least two years in adults or one year in children or adolescents. Individuals with PDD may experience fluctuations in mood but generally struggle with persistent feelings of sadness and hopelessness.

• Early-Onset: This type refers to persistent depressive disorder that begins during childhood or adolescence. Early-onset dysthymia can have a significant impact on a person’s overall development and functioning.
• Late-Onset: Late-onset dysthymia refers to the development of persistent depressive symptoms later in life, usually after the age of 21. This type of dysthymia may be associated with specific life events or circumstances.

3. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): SAD is a subtype of depressive disorder characterized by the onset of depressive symptoms during specific seasons, typically the winter months. Changes in the availability of natural sunlight are believed to play a role in triggering depressive symptoms in individuals with SAD.

• Winter Pattern: Winter Pattern SAD is the most common subtype of SAD, characterized by depressive symptoms that occur in the fall or winter months and remit in the spring or summer. Reduced sunlight exposure during these seasons is believed to play a role in the development of symptoms.
• Summer Pattern: Summer Pattern SAD, although less common, involves the onset of depressive symptoms during the spring or summer months, and symptom remission occurs in the fall or winter.

4. Other Specified Depressive Disorder (OSDD) and Unspecified Depressive Disorder (UDD): These categories include depressive symptoms that do not meet the full criteria for a specific depressive disorder. OSDD may involve atypical or recurrent brief depressive episodes, while UDD encompasses depressive symptoms that do not fit into any specific category. ^[5]

Therapies / Techniques to Address Depressive Disorders

There are multiple therapies available which can address depressive disorders. Most commonly used therapies are:

1. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT is a widely used therapeutic approach that focuses on identifying and changing negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to depression. This therapy helps individuals develop coping strategies and improve problem-solving skills.
2. Interpersonal Therapy (IPT): IPT is a time-limited therapy that focuses on improving interpersonal relationships and resolving conflicts. This approach helps individuals address social and relationship problems that may contribute to their depressive symptoms.
3. Behavioral Activation Therapy (BAT): BAT is a behavioral therapy that aims to increase engagement in positive and rewarding activities to counteract the effects of depression. This therapy focuses on helping individuals set specific goals and develop strategies to pursue activities that bring them joy.
4. Psychodynamic Therapy: Psychodynamic therapy explores how past experiences and unresolved conflicts may contribute to persistent depressive symptoms. This therapy aims to increase self-awareness and promote emotional healing.
5. Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT): MBCT combines principles of cognitive therapy with mindfulness practices. It helps individuals become more aware of their thoughts and emotions and develop skills to prevent relapse into depressive states
6. Light Therapy: Light therapy involves exposure to bright artificial light, usually using specialized lightboxes, to compensate for reduced sunlight exposure during the winter months. Regular light therapy sessions can help alleviate the symptoms of SAD. ^[7]
7. Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR): MBSR incorporates mindfulness meditation, breathing exercises, and body awareness to cultivate a non-judgmental and present-focused awareness. MBSR can be beneficial in managing the emotional imbalances associated with SAD.

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar Disorder is a mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of extreme mood elevation (mania or hypomania) and depression. These mood swings can significantly disrupt an individual’s life and relationships.

Understanding the different types of bipolar disorder and the therapeutic techniques used to address this condition is crucial for effective management.

Types of Bipolar Disorder

1. Bipolar I Disorder: Bipolar I Disorder involves the occurrence of at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by episodes of depression or hypomania. Manic episodes involve a distinct period of elevated mood, excessive energy, and impulsive behavior.
2. Bipolar II Disorder: Bipolar II Disorder involves recurrent episodes of depression and hypomania. Hypomania is a milder form of mania, characterized by a noticeable change in mood and increased energy, but without severe impairment in daily functioning.
3. Cyclothymic Disorder: Cyclothymic Disorder is a chronic and milder form of bipolar disorder, consisting of recurrent periods of hypomanic and depressive symptoms that do not meet the full criteria for a manic or major depressive episode.
   1. Classic Cyclothymia: Classic cyclothymia involves recurrent periods of hypomanic symptoms and depressive symptoms that do not meet the criteria for a major depressive episode. These mood swings are characterized by mild to moderate intensity and can significantly impact daily functioning.
   2. Rapid-Cycling Cyclothymia: Rapid-cycling cyclothymia is characterized by frequent and rapid shifts between hypomanic and depressive episodes, occurring at least four times within a 12-month period. This form of cyclothymia can be particularly challenging to manage.

Therapies / Techniques to Address Bipolar Disorder

1. Psychoeducation: Psychoeducation involves providing individuals with information about bipolar disorder, its symptoms, triggers, and treatment options. This helps individuals understand and manage their condition effectively.
2. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT can be beneficial in helping individuals develop coping strategies, identify and challenge negative thought patterns, and manage stressors associated with bipolar disorder.
3. Family-Focused Therapy (FFT): FFT is a form of psychotherapy designed to improve family communication and reduce stress, as family dynamics can significantly impact the course and management of bipolar disorder. FFT helps families develop strategies to support their loved ones experiencing bipolar disorder.
4. Medication: Medication, such as mood stabilizers, may be prescribed to help manage and stabilize mood fluctuations in individuals with Cyclothymic Disorder. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional for appropriate medication management.

Mood disorders encompass a wide range of conditions, from depressive disorders to bipolar and cyclothymic disorders. Each of these disorders requires specialized treatment and support to help individuals manage their symptoms and improve their overall quality of life.

Therapeutic techniques such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychoeducation, and medication can play a crucial role in addressing these conditions.

By increasing awareness, understanding, and access to appropriate treatments, we can provide individuals with the support they need to cope with and overcome mood disorders.

Eating Disorders

Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by a distorted body image, intense fear of gaining weight, and severe food restriction.

People with anorexia often have a very low body weight, but they may still see themselves as overweight. They may also engage in excessive exercise, purging, or other unhealthy behaviors to control their weight.

There are two main types of anorexia nervosa: restricting type and binge-eating/purging type.

1. People with the restricting type restrict their food intake to the point where they are significantly underweight.
2. People with the binge-eating/purging type may restrict their food intake at times, but they also engage in binge eating and purging behaviors.

Bulimia Nervosa

Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating and purging. People with bulimia often eat large amounts of food in a short period of time, and then they may purge the food by vomiting, using laxatives or diuretics, or exercising excessively.

There are two main types of bulimia nervosa: purging type and non-purging type.

1. People with the purging type purge after binge eating episodes.
2. People with the non-purging type do not purge, but they may engage in other unhealthy behaviors to compensate for binge eating, such as fasting or excessive exercise.

Binge Eating Disorder

Binge eating disorder is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating. People with binge eating disorder eat large amounts of food in a short period of time, and they may feel out of control during these episodes.

Unlike bulimia nervosa, individuals with BED do not engage in compensatory behaviors such as purging, fasting, or excessive exercise to prevent weight gain after binge eating episodes.

Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)

Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is an eating disorder characterized by a persistent avoidance of food or certain types of food. This avoidance can be due to a fear of the taste, texture, or smell of food, or it can be due to concerns about weight gain or body image.

There are several types of ARFID, which are as follows:

• Sensory-Based ARFID: Individuals with sensory-based ARFID have aversions to certain tastes, textures, smells, or colors of food. These aversions can be so intense that they avoid entire food groups, leading to a limited and inadequate diet.

• Fear of Choking or Vomiting: This type of ARFID involves individuals who fear choking or vomiting while eating, leading them to avoid certain foods with perceived risks of causing these symptoms.

• Lack of Interest in Eating: Some individuals with ARFID may have little to no interest in eating, leading to a lack of appetite or motivation to consume food.

• Avoidance of Foods Due to Past Negative Experience: This type of ARFID involves individuals who avoid specific foods due to past negative experiences, such as a traumatic event associated with a particular food.

• Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: In this type of ARFID, individuals may avoid foods that trigger gastrointestinal discomfort or distress, even if there is no medical diagnosis of an actual food allergy or intolerance. ^[9]

It is essential to note that ARFID is distinct from other eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, as it does not involve body image disturbances or a desire for weight loss.

Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorders (OSFED)

Other specified feeding or eating disorders (OSFED) is a category for eating disorders that do not meet the full criteria for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, or ARFID.

This category includes disorders such as subclinical anorexia nervosa, atypical anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa of low frequency and/or limited duration and purging disorder.

Treatment for Eating Disorders

Therapies for Eating Disorders:

Eating disorders are serious mental illnesses, and they require professional treatment. There are a number of different treatment options available for eating disorders, including:

• Individual therapy: Individual therapy is a type of therapy that focuses on helping the individual to understand their eating disorder and to develop coping skills.
• Family therapy: Family therapy is a type of therapy that focuses on helping the family to understand the eating disorder and to support the individual in their recovery.
• Group therapy: Group therapy is a type of therapy that brings together people with eating disorders to provide support and to learn from each other.
• Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT):ACT focuses on accepting difficult thoughts and feelings rather than trying to suppress or avoid them. It encourages individuals to commit to values-driven actions, promoting behavior change and emotional well-being
• Psychodynamic Therapy: This therapy explores the unconscious roots of eating disorders, including unresolved emotions and past experiences that may contribute to disordered eating patterns.
• Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT):MNT involves working with a registered dietitian to develop a personalized meal plan that meets the individual’s nutritional needs and supports recovery.
• Medication: Medication can be used to treat the symptoms of eating disorders, such as anxiety and depression. ^[10]

Eating disorders are serious mental illnesses, but they can be treated effectively with professional help. If you or someone you know is struggling with an eating disorder, please reach out to a mental health professional for help.

Substance Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol Use Disorder

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronic condition characterized by the compulsive use of alcohol despite negative consequences. People with AUD may experience withdrawal symptoms when they stop drinking, and they may have difficulty controlling their drinking.

Types of Alcohol Use Disorder

There are four main types of AUD:

• Mild: People with mild AUD may experience some negative consequences from their drinking, but they are still able to function in their daily lives.
• Moderate: People with moderate AUD experience more negative consequences from their drinking, and they may have difficulty functioning in their daily lives.
• Severe: People with severe AUD experience severe negative consequences from their drinking, and they may have lost control of their drinking.
• Alcohol dependence: Alcohol dependence is a more severe form of AUD, and it is characterized by a physical dependence on alcohol. People with alcohol dependence may experience withdrawal symptoms when they stop drinking, and they may need to drink alcohol to avoid these symptoms.

Drug Use Disorder

Drug use disorder (DUD) is a chronic condition characterized by the compulsive use of drugs despite negative consequences. People with DUD may experience withdrawal symptoms when they stop using drugs, and they may have difficulty controlling their drug use. ^[12]

Types of Drug Use Disorder

There are many different types of drugs that can be addictive, and there are also many different types of DUD. Some of the most common types of DUD include:

• Opioid use disorder: Opioid use disorder is characterized by the compulsive use of opioids, such as heroin, prescription painkillers, and fentanyl.
• Nicotine use disorder: Nicotine use disorder is characterized by the compulsive use of nicotine, which is found in cigarettes, cigars, and other tobacco products.
• Marijuana use disorder: Marijuana use disorder is characterized by the compulsive use of marijuana.
• Benzodiazepine abuse: Benzodiazepines are a class of drugs that are used to treat anxiety and sleep disorders. Benzodiazepine abuse can lead to addiction, overdose, and death.
• Stimulant abuse: Stimulants are a class of drugs that are used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. Stimulant abuse can lead to addiction, overdose, and psychosis.
• Other drug use disorder: Other drug use disorder is a category for DUD that does not meet the criteria for any other specific type of DUD.

Substance abuse and addiction are serious mental health conditions, but they can be treated effectively with professional help. If you or someone you know is struggling with substance abuse or addiction, please reach out to a mental health professional for help.

Gambling Disorder

Gambling disorder is a mental health condition characterized by a persistent and excessive urge to gamble. People with gambling disorder may experience a loss of control over their gambling, and they may continue to gamble even when it is causing them financial, social, or legal problems.

Types of Gambling Disorder

There are two main types of gambling disorder:

• Pathological gambling: This is the most severe type of gambling disorder, and it is characterized by a complete loss of control over gambling. People with pathological gambling may gamble even when they know that it is causing them harm.
• Problem gambling: This is a less severe type of gambling disorder, and it is characterized by a pattern of gambling that causes problems in a person’s life. People with problem gambling may gamble more than they can afford, or they may gamble in ways that put their finances or relationships at risk. ^[13]

Therapies or Techniques to Address substance abuse and addiction

There are a number of different treatment options available for AUD, including:

• Individual therapy: Individual therapy is a type of therapy that focuses on helping the individual to understand their AUD and to develop coping skills.
• Group therapy: Group therapy is a type of therapy that brings together people with AUD to provide support and to learn from each other.
• Medication: Medication can be used to treat the symptoms of AUD, such as withdrawal symptoms and cravings.
• 12-step programs: 12-step programs are peer-support groups that can help people with AUD to recover.
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy: This type of therapy helps people to identify and change the negative thoughts and behaviors that contribute to their gambling disorder.
• Motivational interviewing: This type of therapy helps people to explore their reasons for gambling and to develop a plan for change.
• Gambling therapy: This type of therapy helps people to develop healthy coping skills and to manage their urges to gamble.
• Detoxification: This is the process of removing the drug from the body. Detoxification can be done in a hospital or in a residential treatment program.
• Rehabilitation: This is a type of treatment that helps people to learn how to live without drugs. Rehabilitation can include individual therapy, group therapy, and medication.
• 12-step programs: 12-step programs are peer-support groups that can help people to recover from addiction

Trauma and Abuse

Childhood Trauma

Childhood trauma is any type of traumatic experience that occurs during childhood. Childhood trauma can have a profound impact on a person’s development and well-being. Some of the most common types of childhood trauma include:

• Physical abuse: This is any type of physical harm that is inflicted on a child, such as hitting, kicking, or burning.
• Sexual abuse: This is any type of sexual contact or interaction with a child that is not consensual.
• Emotional abuse: This is any type of behavior that is intended to cause emotional harm to a child, such as name-calling, threats, or isolation.
• Neglect: This is the failure to provide a child with the basic necessities of life, such as food, shelter, clothing, and medical care. ^[14]

Types of Childhood Trauma

Childhood trauma can be classified into two main categories:

• Type I trauma: This is a single, acute event that is typically experienced as a shock or a sudden overwhelming event. Examples of Type I trauma include car accidents, natural disasters, and physical or sexual assault.
• Type II trauma: This is repeated or prolonged exposure to traumatic events. Examples of Type II trauma include childhood neglect, emotional abuse, and domestic violence.

Therapies or Techniques to Address Childhood Trauma

There are a number of different treatment options available for childhood trauma, including:

Individual therapy: Individual therapy is a type of therapy that focuses on helping the individual to understand their trauma and to develop coping skills.

Group therapy: Group therapy is a type of therapy that brings together people who have experienced similar traumas to provide support and to learn from each other.

Family therapy: Family therapy is a type of therapy that focuses on helping the family to understand the trauma and to support each other.

Medication: Medication can be used to treat the symptoms of trauma, such as anxiety and depression.

Domestic Violence

Domestic violence is a pattern of behavior in which one person uses physical, emotional, or sexual abuse to control another person.

Domestic violence can occur in any type of relationship, but it is most common in intimate partner relationships. ^[15]

Types of Domestic Violence

Domestic violence can take many different forms, including:

• Physical abuse: This is any type of physical harm that is inflicted on another person, such as hitting, kicking, or burning.
• Sexual abuse: This is any type of sexual contact or interaction with another person that is not consensual.
• Emotional abuse: This is any type of behavior that is intended to cause emotional harm to another person, such as name-calling, threats, or isolation.
• Economic abuse: This is any type of behavior that is intended to control another person’s financial resources, such as preventing them from working or taking their money.

Therapies or Techniques to Address Domestic Violence

There are a number of different treatment options available for domestic violence, including:

Individual therapy: Individual therapy is a type of therapy that focuses on helping the individual to understand their experiences of domestic violence and to develop coping skills.

• Group therapy: Group therapy is a type of therapy that brings together people who have experienced domestic violence to provide support and to learn from each other.

• Family therapy: Family therapy is a type of therapy that focuses on helping the family to understand the dynamics of domestic violence and to support each other.

• Legal assistance: Legal assistance can help victims of domestic violence to get a restraining order or to file for divorce.

• Support groups: Support groups can provide victims of domestic violence with a safe space to share their experiences and to connect with others who have been through similar experiences.

Sexual Assault

Types of Sexual Assault

There are many different types of sexual assault, including:

• Rape: This is any type of sexual penetration that occurs without the consent of the victim.
• Attempted rape: This is when someone tries to rape someone else, but they are not successful.
• Sexual battery: This is any type of unwanted sexual touching, such as groping or fondling.
• Sexual harassment: This is any type of unwanted sexual behavior that creates a hostile or offensive environment.

Therapies or Techniques to Address Sexual Assault

There are a number of different treatment options available for sexual assault, including:

• Individual therapy: Individual therapy is a type of therapy that focuses on helping the individual to understand their experience of sexual assault and to develop coping skills.
• Group therapy: Group therapy is a type of therapy that brings together people who have experienced sexual assault to provide support and to learn from each other.
• Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): EMDR is a type of therapy that uses eye movements to help people process traumatic memories.
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): CBT is a type of therapy that focuses on changing the negative thoughts and behaviors that contribute to PTSD.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Types of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

There are three main types of PTSD:

• Intrusive symptoms: These symptoms involve reliving the traumatic event in the form of flashbacks, nightmares, or intrusive thoughts.
• Avoidance symptoms: These symptoms involve avoiding anything that reminds the person of the traumatic event, such as places, people, or activities.
• Negative alterations in mood and cognition: These symptoms involve negative changes in the way the person thinks and feels, such as feeling detached from others, having trouble remembering the event, or having negative thoughts about themselves or the world. ^[17]

Therapies or Techniques to Address Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

There are a number of different treatment options available for PTSD, including:

• Individual therapy: Individual therapy is a type of therapy that focuses on helping the individual to understand their PTSD and to develop coping skills.
• Group therapy: Group therapy is a type of therapy that brings together people who have experienced PTSD to provide support and to learn from each other.
• Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): EMDR is a type of therapy that uses eye movements to help people process traumatic memories.
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): CBT is a type of therapy that focuses on changing the negative thoughts and behaviors that contribute to PTSD.
• Medication: Medication can be used to treat the symptoms of PTSD, such as anxiety and depression.

PTSD is a serious mental health condition, but it is treatable. If you or someone you know is struggling with PTSD, please reach out for help. There are many resources available to help you heal and recover.

Grief & Loss

Normal Grief Reactions

Grief is a natural and normal reaction to loss. It is a process of adjustment to the death of a loved one or the end of a significant relationship. Grief can be a very painful experience, but it is also a necessary one.

Types of Normal Grief Reactions

There are many different types of normal grief reactions. Some of the most common include:

• Shock and disbelief: This is a common initial reaction to loss. It may feel like the loss cannot be real or that it has not happened to you.
• Sadness: This is a natural emotion that is often accompanied by crying, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating.
• Anger: This is another common emotion that may be directed at the person who died, oneself, or other people.
• Guilt: This may be felt if the person who died had unfinished business with the bereaved person or if the bereaved person feels responsible for the death in some way.
• Loneliness: This is a common feeling after a loss, as the bereaved person may feel like they have lost their best friend or confidant.
• Physical symptoms: These may include fatigue, changes in appetite, and difficulty sleeping.

Grief is a normal and healthy response to loss. It is important to allow yourself to grieve and to seek support from others if you need it. There are many different therapies or techniques that can help you to cope with grief and to move on with your life.

Complicated Grief

Complicated grief is a prolonged and disabling grief response to the death of a loved one. It is characterized by intense and persistent sadness, loneliness, anger, guilt, and despair. People with complicated grief may also have difficulty accepting the death, have trouble imagining a future without the deceased, and may feel like they are going crazy.

Types of Complicated Grief

There are two main types of complicated grief:

1. Persistent complex bereavement disorder (PCBD): This is a more severe form of complicated grief that is characterized by intense and persistent grief symptoms that last for more than 12 months.
2. Prolonged grief disorder (PGD): This is a less severe form of complicated grief that is characterized by grief symptoms that last for more than 6 months but less than 12 months.

Complicated grief is a serious mental health condition, but it is treatable. If you or someone you know is struggling with complicated grief, please reach out for help. There are many resources available to help you heal and recover.

Anticipatory Grief

Anticipatory grief is the grief that people experience in anticipation of the death of a loved one. It is a normal and healthy response to loss, but it can be just as difficult as grief that occurs after the death.

Types of Anticipatory Grief

There are two main types of anticipatory grief:

• Prognostic grief: This is grief that occurs when someone is facing a terminal illness and knows that they will die in the near future.
• Presumptive grief: This is grief that occurs when someone is facing the death of a loved one who is not terminally ill, but who is facing a serious illness or injury.

Bereavement

Bereavement is the experience of loss following the death of a loved one. It is a normal and healthy response to loss, but it can be especially difficult for children and adolescents. ^[19]

Types of Bereavement

There are many different types of bereavement that can affect children and adolescents. Some of the most common include:

• The death of a parent: This is the most common type of bereavement for children and adolescents. It can have a profound impact on their development and well-being.
• The death of a sibling: This can be just as difficult as the death of a parent, as siblings often have a close bond.
• The death of a grandparent: Grandparents often play an important role in children’s lives, so their death can be a significant loss.
• The death of a friend: The death of a friend can be especially difficult for adolescents, as they may not have the same support network as adults.
• The death of a pet: The death of a pet can be a significant loss for children, as pets often provide them with love and companionship.

Bereavement is a difficult experience for children and adolescents, but there are many resources available to help them cope with their loss.

Therapies or Techniques to Address Grief & Bereavement

There are a number of different therapies or techniques that can help people to cope with normal grief reactions. Some of the most common include:

• Individual therapy: Individual therapy is a type of therapy that focuses on helping the individual to understand their grief and to develop coping skills.
• Group therapy: Group therapy is a type of therapy that brings together people who have experienced similar losses to provide support and to learn from each other.
• Support groups: Support groups are groups of people who have experienced similar losses and who meet regularly to provide support and to share their experiences.
• Art therapy: Art therapy can be a helpful way to express the emotions associated with grief.
• Meditation: Meditation can be a helpful way to calm the mind and body during times of grief.
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): CBT is a type of therapy that focuses on changing the negative thoughts and behaviors that contribute to complicated grief.
• Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT): ACT is a type of therapy that focuses on helping people to accept their grief and to live a meaningful life in the present moment.
• Trauma-focused therapy: Trauma-focused therapy is a type of therapy that helps people to process the traumatic memories associated with their loss.
• Family therapy: Family therapy is a type of therapy that focuses on helping the family to cope with the loss and to support each other.
• Play therapy: Play therapy is a type of therapy that uses play to help children express their grief and to work through their emotions.
• Writing about your grief: Writing about your grief can be a helpful way to process your emotions and to make sense of your loss.

Relationship Issues

Types of Relationship Issues

Relationship issues can manifest in various ways, impacting different types of relationships, including romantic partnerships, friendships, family dynamics, and professional relationships. Some common types of relationship issues include:

1. Communication Problems: Difficulties in effectively expressing thoughts, feelings, and needs can hinder healthy communication and lead to misunderstandings and conflicts.
2. Trust Issues: Trust is the foundation of any relationship. Trust issues can arise due to past betrayals, infidelity, or lack of transparency, making it challenging to build or rebuild trust in a relationship.
3. Intimacy Challenges: Intimacy encompasses emotional, physical, and sexual closeness. Issues related to intimacy can arise from factors such as differences in desires, past trauma, or emotional barriers.
4. Conflict Resolution: Disagreements and conflicts are a natural part of relationships. However, unresolved conflicts or ineffective conflict resolution strategies can strain relationships and lead to ongoing tension.
5. Power Imbalances: Power imbalances occur when one person in a relationship holds more control, authority, or decision-making power. This can lead to feelings of inequality, resentment, and dissatisfaction.
6. Life Transitions and Changes: Major life transitions, such as moving, career changes, or becoming parents, can introduce stress and strain into relationships as individuals adjust to new roles and responsibilities.
7. Infidelity issues: can deeply impact a romantic relationship, causing feelings of betrayal, hurt, and mistrust. Infidelity issues can range from cyber, emotional to sexual infidelity.

Therapies or Techniques to Address Relationship Issues

When facing relationship issues, seeking professional help can provide valuable support and guidance. Therapies and techniques that specifically address relationship issues can help individuals gain insight, develop effective coping strategies, and improve their overall relationship satisfaction. Some common approaches include:

• Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT): EFT is designed to help couples recognize and change negative emotional patterns within their relationship. The therapist assists in fostering secure emotional bonds between partners and encourages open expression of emotions, which can lead to increased intimacy and connection.
• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT can be effective in addressing various relationship issues, including communication and trust. It focuses on identifying and challenging negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to relationship problems. Couples learn more effective communication skills, problem-solving techniques, and ways to build trust and intimacy.
• Couples counseling, also known as couples therapy or relationship therapy, is a specialized form of therapy aimed at improving communication, resolving conflicts, and enhancing relationship satisfaction. Couples counseling provides a safe and supportive environment for couples to explore their concerns and work towards strengthening their bond. Therapists trained in couples counseling use evidence-based techniques to address relationship issues.
  • Gottman Method Couples Therapy: Developed by Dr. John Gottman, this approach focuses on strengthening friendship, managing conflict, and building shared meaning in relationships. It emphasizes the importance of nurturing positive interactions and addressing negative patterns.
  • Imago Relationship Therapy: Imago therapy explores the influence of childhood experiences on adult relationships. It helps couples understand and heal childhood wounds, improve communication, and promote empathy and understanding. ^[20]

Family Issues

Types of Family Issues

Parent-Child Relationship Issues: Parent-child relationship issues can stem from a variety of factors, such as parenting styles, generational differences, disciplinary conflicts, or communication breakdowns. These issues can affect the emotional bond between parents and children, leading to tension and strained relationships.

Sibling Rivalry and Conflict: Sibling rivalry and conflict are common in many families. Competition for attention, jealousy, differences in personality or interests, and limited resources can contribute to conflicts among siblings. Unresolved conflicts can strain sibling relationships and impact the overall family dynamic.

Blended Family Challenges: Blended families, formed through remarriage or the merging of families, often face unique challenges. Navigating step-parenting roles, establishing new family dynamics, and integrating different parenting styles and values require open communication, understanding, and compromise.

Parenting Challenges: Parenting challenges can include issues related to discipline, setting boundaries, managing behavior, and balancing work and family responsibilities. Parenting approaches may differ, leading to conflicts and disagreements between parents or other caregivers.

Divorce and Separation: It involves dissolution of a marital relationship and require individuals to navigate various emotional, legal, and practical considerations. Types include amicable separation, high-conflict divorce, Separation with co-parenting.^[21]

Financial Stress: Financial stress can significantly impact family dynamics and relationships. Struggles related to budgeting, debt, unemployment, or financial instability can lead to tension, arguments, and conflicts within the family.

Therapies or Techniques to Address Family Issues

Seeking professional help can be beneficial when facing family issues. Therapies and techniques that focus on enhancing family communication, understanding, and problem-solving skills can help families navigate their challenges effectively. Some common approaches include:

1. Family Therapy: Family therapy is a specialized form of therapy that involves the participation of all family members. It aims to improve communication, resolve conflicts, and enhance family functioning. Family therapists help families identify and address the underlying issues contributing to the challenges they face.
2. Parenting Programs: Parenting programs provide guidance and support to parents, helping them develop effective parenting skills and strategies. These programs focus on promoting positive parent-child relationships, managing behavior, and creating a nurturing and supportive family environment.
3. Mediation: Mediation is a process where a neutral third party facilitates communication and negotiation between family members. Mediation can be particularly useful in resolving conflicts related to divorce, co-parenting, or inheritance disputes. It encourages open dialogue and collaborative decision-making.
4. Divorce Mediation: Divorce mediation involves a neutral third-party mediator who helps divorcing couples negotiate and reach agreements on various issues, such as child custody, visitation, and division of assets. Mediation can promote communication, cooperation, and a more amicable resolution.
5. Co-Parenting Counseling: Co-parenting counseling provides guidance and support to divorced or separated parents to facilitate effective co-parenting. It focuses on improving communication, setting boundaries, managing conflicts, and prioritizing the best interests of the children.

Anger Issues

However, when not managed effectively, anger can lead to harmful consequences, affecting one’s personal well-being and relationships. Therefore, it becomes crucial to understand and address anger in a constructive manner. In this article, we will explore the concept of anger management, its significance, various types of anger, and the core roots of this emotion.

The core roots of anger include following:

• Frustration and Unmet Needs
• Injustice and Fairness
• Fear and Insecurity
• Hurt and Betrayal

Types of Anger

There are several types of anger. Major types have been listed below:

• Chronic Anger: Chronic anger refers to a persistent state of irritability and resentment. Individuals experiencing chronic anger may have a short fuse and be easily provoked, leading to frequent displays of anger even in minor situations.

• Passive-Aggressive Anger: Passive-aggressive anger is characterized by indirect expressions of anger, such as sarcasm, silent treatment, or subtle acts of sabotage. It involves avoiding direct confrontation while still expressing resentment.

• Self-Inflicted Anger: Self-inflicted anger is when an individual directs their anger inward, leading to feelings of guilt, self-blame, and shame. This form of anger can be destructive and contribute to low self-esteem.

• Behavioral Anger: Behavioral anger involves outward expressions of anger, such as aggressive behavior, yelling, or physical violence. It can be harmful to oneself and others and may lead to legal consequences.

Techniques for Anger Management

Managing anger effectively requires the adoption of various strategies and techniques that empower individuals to control their emotional responses. These techniques can help individuals understand their anger triggers, develop healthier coping mechanisms, and improve their overall emotional well-being.  ^[22]

Most commonly used techniques have been listed below:

1. Cognitive Restructuring
   • Challenging Negative Thoughts and Beliefs
   • Reframing Perspectives
2. Relaxation Techniques
   • Deep Breathing Exercises
   • Progressive Muscle Relaxation
3. Communication and assertiveness
   • Active Listening
   • Expressing Feelings Appropriately
   • Setting Boundaries
4. Stress reduction strategies
   • Regular Exercise
   • Mindfulness and Meditation
   • Stress Management Techniques
5. Problem Solving & Conflict resolution
   • Identifying Triggers and Solutions
   • Negotiation and Compromise
6. Journalling & Self Reflection
   • Writing Down Triggers and Reactions
   • Analyzing Patterns and Triggers
7. Seeking professional help
   • Individual Therapy
   • Anger Management Programs
   • Support Groups

In conclusion, anger management is crucial for personal growth and improved relationships. Seeking help and support is a sign of strength, and implementing effective strategies empowers individuals to manage anger constructively. Techniques like cognitive restructuring and mindfulness can lead to personal development and better understanding of anger triggers.

Body Shaming

Impact of Body Shaming on Individuals

The effects of body shaming are profound and far-reaching. When individuals are subjected to body shaming, they may experience a range of negative emotions, including shame, guilt, anxiety, and depression. The constant scrutiny of one’s appearance can lead to a distorted body image, low self-esteem, and a negative self-perception.

Moreover, body shaming can significantly affect mental health, leading to the development of eating disorders, body dysmorphia, and other psychological issues. It can also result in social withdrawal, reduced physical activity, and a decline in overall well-being.

The list below highlights the emotional and psychological impacts of body shaming:

• Emotional and Psychological Impacts
• Low Self-Esteem
• Body Dissatisfaction
• Anxiety
• Depression
• Eating Disorders
• Body Dysmorphia
• Social Withdrawal
• Reduced Physical Activity

As we go deeper into the various types of body shaming, it is essential to recognize the need for raising awareness about this issue and fostering a culture of body positivity and acceptance.

Types of Body Shaming

Body shaming can take various forms. Some of most common forms are listed below:

• Weight-based body shaming is one of the most prevalent forms of body shaming. It involves making derogatory remarks or judgments about an individual’s weight, whether they are perceived as underweight, overweight, or at a “normal” weight. This type of body shaming often perpetuates harmful stereotypes and stigmatizes individuals based on their body size.

• Appearance-based body shaming focuses on criticizing specific physical features or attributes of an individual’s appearance. This can include mocking someone’s facial features, hair, skin color, or any other aspect of their physical appearance that may be deemed “different” or outside societal norms.

• Height-based body shaming targets individuals who are perceived as either too tall or too short. Taller individuals may face comments about their height being intimidating or unnatural, while shorter individuals may be subjected to ridicule or demeaning remarks about their stature.

• Body shape-based body shaming involves making negative comments about an individual’s body proportions or natural body shape. This can lead to body dissatisfaction and a desire to conform to unrealistic body ideals.

• Age-based body shaming occurs when individuals are criticized or ridiculed based on their age-related physical changes. This can manifest as comments about wrinkles, gray hair, or any signs of aging, perpetuating a negative view of aging and self-worth. ^[23]

It is crucial to remember that body shaming is harmful, regardless of the form it takes, and it is essential to create a society that values diversity and promotes body acceptance.

Strategies for coping with Body Shaming

There are several strategies which can be adopted to cope with body shaming and its impacts.

• Building Body Positivity and Self-Acceptance: This involves recognizing and celebrating the diversity of body shapes and sizes. Engaging in positive self-talk and embracing one’s unique features can help build a healthier body image and promote self-esteem.

• Challenging Societal Beauty Standards: This can be done by promoting diverse body representations in media, advocating for body-positive campaigns, and calling out body shaming behaviors whenever encountered.

• Practicing Self-Care and Self-Compassion: Engaging in activities that promote well-being, such as exercise, mindfulness, and hobbies, can nurture a positive relationship with one’s body and mind.

• Surrounding Yourself with Supportive Individuals: Building a support system of friends, family, or support groups who promote body positivity and acceptance can be immensely beneficial.  Surrounding yourself with people who value you for who you are, beyond your physical appearance, can help counteract the negative impact of body shaming.

• Seeking Professional Help and Therapy: In some cases, the effects of body shaming can be deeply ingrained and may require professional intervention. Therapies like cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and body image-focused therapy can be effective in addressing body shaming issues and building healthier coping strategies.

Body shaming is detrimental, affecting mental, emotional, and physical well-being through derogatory comments and unrealistic beauty standards.

Consequences include reduced self-esteem and negative body image, perpetuating a cycle of seeking validation and unhealthy behaviors.

Embracing body positivity is vital to celebrate diversity and break free from narrow beauty norms, encouraging self-acceptance and prioritizing well-being.

Rejecting body shaming involves promoting inclusive representations and fostering supportive environments.

By valuing individuals for their inner qualities and embracing differences, we can create a compassionate society where body shaming has no place. Let us move forward with love and acceptance for all bodies, supporting each other on the journey to body positivity and self-compassion.

.

Conclusion

In conclusion, addressing therapeutic issues is of utmost importance for individuals seeking to improve their mental well-being and overall quality of life. Throughout this article, we have explored various therapeutic issues, their impact on individuals and relationships, and the available approaches and techniques for addressing them.

Developing self-esteem, setting meaningful goals, cultivating mindfulness and self-awareness, navigating life transitions, and fostering body image and self-acceptance are all significant aspects of personal development. By understanding the challenges that may arise during these processes and utilizing therapeutic approaches and techniques, individuals can embark on a journey of self-discovery, growth, and well-being. Remember, personal development is a lifelong endeavor that requires patience, self-compassion, and continuous effort.

At the Counselling Collective, our mission is to provide valuable resources, support, and information to individuals navigating therapeutic issues. We are committed to promoting mental well-being and personal growth by empowering individuals with knowledge and insights from the field of psychology.

---

References

[1] Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(5), 427-440.

[2] Katzman, M. A., Bleau, P., Blier, P., Chokka, P., Kjernisted, K., & Van Ameringen, M. (2014). Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders

[3]  Barlow, D. H., & Durand, V. M. (2015). Abnormal psychology: An integrative approach (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. Amazon

[4] Weber, J. (2019). Be Calm: Proven Techniques to Stop Anxiety Now. United States: Callisto Media. Amazon

[5] Herrman, H., Maj, M., Sartorius, N. (2009). Depressive Disorders. Germany: Wiley. Amazon

[6] Lam, D. H. (2005). Cognitive therapy for bipolar disorder: A therapist’s guide to concepts, methods, and practice. John Wiley & Sons. Amazon

[7] Lam, R. W., Tam, E. M. (2009). A Clinician’s Guide to Using Light Therapy. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. Amazon

[8] Keel, P. K. (2017). Eating Disorders. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Amazon

[9] Bryant-Waugh, R. (2019). ARFID Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder: A Guide for Parents and Carers. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. Amazon

[10] The Treatment of Eating Disorders: A Clinical Handbook. (2011). United Kingdom: Guilford Publications. Amazon

[11] Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Theory, Research and Treatment. (2003). Germany: Wiley. Amazon

[12] Drug Abuse and Addiction in Medical Illness: Causes, Consequences and Treatment. (2012). Netherlands: Springer New York. Amazon

[13] Gambling Disorder. (2019). Germany: Springer International Publishing. Amazon

[14] Cameron, C. (2000). Resolving Childhood Trauma: A Long-Term Study of Abuse Survivors. India: SAGE Publications. Amazon

[15] Nicolson, P. (2010). Domestic Violence and Psychology: A Critical Perspective. (n.p.): Taylor & Francis. Amazon

[16] Handbook of Sexual Assault: Issues, Theories, and Treatment of the Offender. (2013). Germany: Springer US. Amazon

[17] Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Basic Science and Clinical Practice. (2009). Netherlands: Humana Press. Amazon

[18] McNulty, B. (2021). The Grief Handbook: A Guide Through the Worst Days of Your Life. United Kingdom: Watkins Media. Amazon

[19] Parkes, C. M., Prigerson, H. G. (2013). Bereavement: Studies of Grief in Adult Life, Fourth Edition. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. Amazon

[20] Behavioral, Humanistic-Existential, and Psychodynamic Approaches to Couples Counseling. (2017). United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. Amazon

[21] Figley, Phd, C. (2014). Divorce Therapy. United States: Taylor & Francis. Amazon

[22] Potter-Efron, R. T., Potter-Efron, R. T. (2012). Handbook of Anger Management: Individual, Couple, Family, and Group Approaches. United Kingdom: Routledge. Amazon

[23] Body Image: A Handbook of Science, Practice, and Prevention. (2012). United Kingdom: Guilford Publications. Amazon